emotion regulation questionnaire scoring and interpretation

Received: 26 June 2017; Accepted: 28 March 2018;Published: 19 April 2018. Scaling 1 = Strongly Disagree, 4 = Neutral, 7 = Strongly Agree Number of Items 10 (6 Reappraisal items & 4 Suppression items) Sample Items uuid:869b8297-b567-11b2-0a00-00e2c8010000 ]K9}G4j@T9J7#{8w}@lvK2mW: A}mW5L=W;peY^iV;N^&nf`HFy,KX&>rNfk0v@ k 21, 616621. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. 0000007154 00000 n Findings with respect to specific subscale scores are less consistent than those for the total score. 8. 1362 0 obj Individ. For each short form, its subscale scores were entered on the first step and the DERS-36 subscales were entered on the second step. These findings should be interpreted with caution, since the smaller number of participants with discharge CGI data reduced statistical power for this analysis. Sci. endobj % 0000009971 00000 n To assess the extent to which the DERS and its subscales incrementally predicted treatment outcome, we expanded the structural model described above (see Incremental Validity) by adding discharge CGI as an outcome (Figure 3). f,:o/Crs3KfnaR Pers. ;n8q; $s.UkrS?yzTCC"pGS^,qp&h!UT2ovL,lZusNGtjD? These specific factors are not permitted to correlate with the general factor or each other and therefore are proposed to represent a latent construct that is unique and incremental relative to the general factor and the other specific factors. Consequently, an increasing number of studies and at least one short form (Bjureberg et al., 2016; DERS-16) exclude this subscale and its items from analysis. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004, Fowler, J. C., Charak, R., Elhai, J. D., Allen, J. G., Frueh, B. C., and Oldham, J. M. (2014). Model fit was acceptable, 2(496) = 1257.08, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.96. All short form subscales excluding Awareness were entered on Step 2, and all DERS-36 subscales excluding Awareness were entered on Step 3 (see Table 4). In the second model (see Figure 2), paths were added for the five specific factors. doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130, McDermott, M. J., Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., and Lejuez, C. W. (2009). Clinical severity was established via the CGI (Guy, 1976), a widely used clinician-administered measure that rates global clinical severity on a scale from 1 = normal, not at all ill to 7 = extremely ill. All three short forms showed a robust bifactor structure and good internal consistency and convergent validity vis--vis the original measure, albeit with a slight decrement in incremental utility (13% less variance explained in clinical severity). A waiver of informed consent was obtained for the study. In particular, clinicians should pay special attention to participants reports of their ability to engage in goal-directed cognition and behavior when distressed (i.e., Goals score) as this appears to have unique incremental predictive power beyond other subscales and the general factor. 0000229347 00000 n 0000319236 00000 n Notably, the DERS general latent factor was associated with better treatment outcome (i.e., lower CGI at discharge after controlling for baseline clinical severity), while the Goals factor was associated with poorer outcome. Specifically, we examined the internal consistency of the short form subscales, their convergent validity and factor structure vis--vis the original measure, and the extent to which each short form was comparable to the full DERS in terms of ability to account for variance in the clinical measures. 0000280544 00000 n As described above, compared to the original six-factor solution (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and the popular five-factor solution with Awareness excluded (Bardeen et al., 2012; Fowler et al., 2014; Osborne et al., 2017), a bifactor solution (comprised of one general DERS factor and five specific factors representing the variance that is unique to each subscale) best fit the data. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21876, Gratz, K. L., and Roemer, L. (2004). Fit for a five-factor model that excluded the Awareness items was better, 2(395) = 1478.74, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.08, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.95, but was still unacceptable by some commonly used standards (e.g., acceptable RMSEA < 0.06 or 0.07; Hu and Bentler, 1999; Steiger, 2007). Psychol. doi: 10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x, Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., and Barlow, D. H. (1997). 0000010140 00000 n These analyses were undertaken because short forms reduce participant burden and can therefore be useful research and clinical tools if they are determined to be psychometrically sound. Participants were N = 427 adults (59% women; M age = 36.00, SD = 14.39; 85% White; 3% Black; 3% multiracial; 8% Latino/a) who presented for treatment at an outpatient clinic between September 2014 and January 2017 and diagnosed with one or more DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) anxiety-related, depressive, bipolar, obsessive-compulsive and related, or trauma- and stressor-related disorders. 44, 227239. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. 11, 379405. The finding that poorer baseline emotion regulation (as represented by the general factor) was associated with better CBT outcome (i.e., that participants with poorer emotion regulation at baseline improved more following a naturalistic course of CBT) was unexpected. Fewer studies have examined the incremental utility of the subscales in clinical samples. . The model upon which the DERS is based (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) proposes four broad facets of emotion regulation: (a) awareness and understanding of emotions; (b) acceptance of emotions; (c) the ability to control impulses and behave in accordance with goals in the presence of negative affect; and (d) access to emotion regulation strategies that are perceived to be effective for feeling better. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.004, Ehring, T., and Quack, D. (2010). We therefore recommend that the Awareness subscale be excluded from future research using the DERS, or at a minimum excluded from the total score interpreted separately and with caution. An examination of the incremental contribution of emotion regulation difficulties to health anxiety beyond specific emotion regulation strategies. Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects. Phillips, K. F. V., & Power, M. J. Sci. The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) measures the processes that adolescents use to recognize, monitor, evaluate, and modify emotional reactions. The original validation paper has been cited nearly 3,000 times to date, has been translated into several languages, and has spurred the development of several short forms (e.g., DERS-16, Bjureberg et al., 2016; DERS-SF, Kaufman et al., 2016; and DERS-18, Victor and Klonsky, 2016). Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents. The role of anxiety sensitivity and difficulties in emotion regulation in posttraumatic stress disorder among crack/cocaine dependent patients in residential substance abuse treatment. We also aimed to provide a preliminary evaluation of the predictive validity of the DERS, including whether and to what extent the DERS and its subscales could predict response to cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT). application/pdf Internal consistency of short form subscale and total scores and correlation with original (36-item) DERS scores. 2, 151164. Subscribe to the weekly Policy Currents newsletter to receive updates on the issues that matter most. Psychol. eH6in\dqm9vH#%3|8JvXp8ptlYE]gMRyYo~8MD4Ui2HMhfQr5[6{Y-u~~yIhry^mkus{r9? 38, 284296. If this proposed pathway is true, it would suggest that patients may benefit from specific training in cognitive control or self-regulation of behavior early in treatment. pSeMq c?A~ %-Ll]TJEBAs\,a"kv \ Dq7vV ax5#%gMSUZa?-,y}@"~uv P(CD"Ao8;/zy,P #v1Ws{K [bSE Ther. emotion regulation handout 6 ?0kNj%QLj doi: 10.1177/1073191116638410, Tull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., and Roemer, L. (2007). Support for a bifactor model would suggest that the DERS may indeed assess five (or six) distinct but related latent constructs. Drawing upon decades of experience, RAND provides research services, systematic analysis, and innovative thinking to a global clientele that includes government agencies, foundations, and private-sector firms. 25 0 obj 9:539. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539. 85, 268277. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Adapted and Individual Differences in J. Psychopathol. However, the replicability of this finding and its generalizability to other clinical populations has not been assessed, nor has the extent to which any specific factors incrementally predict relevant clinical variables above variance explained by the general factor. 2 0 obj Development and validation of a brief version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale: the DERS-16. This approach allowed us to assess the unique incremental contribution of each DERS latent factor (i.e., the contribution after all other latent factors were controlled) to clinical severity. 0000404915 00000 n <> (1996), we established that we had >99% power to detect a model with acceptable fit (RMSEA < 0.06) for the two baseline models and >87% power to detect a model with acceptable fit for the smaller treatment outcome model. Prince 14.2 (www.princexml.com) No differences were observed for the total score or the other subscales. Factor structure of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS) in adult outpatients receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Ther. The psychometric properties of the DERS and its subscales are described throughout the manuscript. The measure yields a total score as well as scores on six scales derived through factor analysis: 1. 0 We will use the acronym DERS to refer to both the original DERS and its short forms for the remainder of the paper. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) is an instrument measuring emotion regulation problems. <>]/P 149 0 R/Pg 1355 0 R/S/Link>> Personality disorders were not systematically assessed. Assess. Model comparison significance testing was conducted using the DIFFTEST command, which is appropriate for models that use the WLSMV estimator (Muthn and Muthn, 19982017). Critically, this clinical-contextual model of emotion regulation is entirely distinct from leading models of emotion regulation derived from basic affective science (e.g., Gross, 1998; Aldao, 2013; Gross and Jazaieri, 2014). stream doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.496477, Rusch, S., Westermann, S., and Lincoln, T. M. (2012). Difficulties engaging in goal directed behavior (GOALS) 3. 2325 60 A bifactor model following the general and specific factor structure observed for the DERS-36 (i.e., one general factor and five specific factors corresponding to each subscale excluding Awareness) provided a good fit for each short form, suggesting good concordance in factor structure. PDF How do You Cognitively Regulate Emotions? (The Cognitive Emotion Behav. [1360 0 R] A bifactor structure consisting of one general emotion dysregulation factor and five uncorrelated specific factors corresponding to the original DERS subscales (excluding Awareness) provided the best fit. The table below shows the averages of 1483 undergraduate students around 20 years of age. 1359 0 obj The Strategies, Goals, and Clarity specific factors in particular contributed significant unique variance to explaining clinical severity even after accounting for the general latent factor and the unique contributions of each other factor. doi: 10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9, Weinberg, A., and Klonsky, E. D. (2009). A series of structural equation models (SEMs) demonstrated unique incremental contributions of the general factor and several specific factors to explaining concurrent clinical severity. startxref The short-form version of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. (2014). <> <>/Metadata 2 0 R/Outlines 5 0 R/Pages 3 0 R/StructTreeRoot 6 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> cKCOE.0C #p7*~&r(;PbZ,q?-%;oKnhIlz]7Cyg1P[3Ws7[{x0$(C,H 99Z(35GNAP <> (Gross & John, 2003). doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.001, Victor, S. E., and Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Internal consistency was generally fair-to-good, and was reliably above 0.80 for all subscales except Awareness. 42, 893898. Universit Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States, Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Norway. Future research should also clarify the mechanisms by which the DERS predicts treatment outcome, with the ultimate goal of deriving specific implications for treatment. *Correspondence: Lauren S. Hallion, hallion@pitt.edu, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Table 3 provides the internal consistency of each short form subscale (Cronbachs alpha) and their association with the corresponding original DERS subscale (Pearson correlation). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Cogn. An experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder. 0000015305 00000 n Surprisingly, the general factor was negatively associated with discharge CGI after controlling for the other variables, suggesting that poorer emotion regulation (as assessed by the DERS) predicted a better clinical outcome after other factors were controlled. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. endobj endobj Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edn. 2384 0 obj <>stream Future research that includes assessments of these potential mediators is needed to test this potentially important relationship. As such, the extent to which any measure derived from a clinical-contextual framework could be considered a measure of emotion regulation as it is defined by affective scientists is a matter of debate. The DERS-36 also explained an additional small but significant amount of variance (23%) in CGI for the DERS-16 and the DERS-18, and 23% of the variance in anxiety and stress for the DERS-SF. Participants who did not have discharge data (i.e., who were still in treatment at the time of the study or who withdrew from treatment before their second session) reported significantly greater anxiety, t(409.76) = 2.75, p = 0.006, and depression, t(414.31) = 2.16, p = 0.031, at intake compared to participants with discharge data. Because the DERS is a self-report measure, future research should also use both self-report and behavioral assessments to establish whether actual cognitive or self-control, perceived cognitive- or self-control, or both, best account for the observed relationships. 0000002162 00000 n %PDF-1.5 (19982017). Incremental utility of the DERS-16, DERS-18, and DERS-SF. Within that framework, we replicated and extended Osborne et al.s (2017) finding that a bifactor solution excluding the Awareness subscale provides a good fit for the data. To conserve statistical power, we examined only the omnibus F-tests and R-squared change for each short form rather than evaluating each of the short forms subscales separately. J. Clin. Assess. 0000014299 00000 n Taken together, these findings suggest that useful information may be gleaned both from the total score and from the subscale scores. (Z? 6n Of;pj Contrary to other coping questionnaires that do not explicitly differentiate . Women scored higher than men on Impulse [t(407) = 2.33, p = 0.020] and marginally higher on Non-acceptance [t(415) = 1.86, p = 0.064]. Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire | Science Of Behavior Change Emotion regulation in bipolar disorder: profile and utility in predicting trait mania and depression propensity. _zu$u{~O_!o84&D:ou6taiVa{U?L2]\3. Individ. To establish the factor structure of the DERS in treatment-seeking adults with emotional disorders, we tested three previously identified factor structures using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in MPlus 7.0 (Muthn and Muthn, 19982017). The present study aimed to characterize the psychometric properties of the DERS in a large transdiagnostic sample of treatment-seeking adults with emotional disorders. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) - NovoPsych Drug Alcohol Depend. 0000005295 00000 n Nonacceptance of emotional responses (NONACCEPTANCE) 2. <<30113BB4F4696E4EBD3CDCA818CFBE55>]>> xb```b``d`c` @16 #!~2\3 TeX^hvPzsOlc2yp5SmiNGA!M+z;9&NN1"(JcPMYOZx*$RaPZyRW:`?&7CT.'EUq94C%8jXAAEw@_kmT"(0E@TgUiM\nVajOi{\P |&%d@t@-P510 +cRRR*@H z%%T#9`lccI x$o@le``Xq5Y@21`p3C@O0e.+n(,&gO../35Oggj?2'Fo2!%-Y@Z!.j However, the groups did not differ in age (p = 0.984), gender (p = 0.108), CGI (p = 0.660), or DERS total or subscale scores (all p 0.274). <> These findings were bolstered by our SEM findings, which demonstrated specific contributions of three of the five subscales to explaining variance in clinical severity beyond variance accounted for by the general factor. Assess. endobj 0000005466 00000 n The DERS is a brief, 36-item, self-report questionnaire designed to assess multiple aspects of emotion dysregulation. Comorbidity was common, with 62% having more than one emotional disorder and 34% having diagnoses in more than one class of emotional disorders (e.g., at least one anxiety disorder and at least one depressive disorder). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents using the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Evidence of broad deficits in emotion regulation associated with chronic worry and generalized anxiety disorder. endobj The consistency of these findings, both in the present study and in the extant literature, leads us to conclude that the DERS as a whole is psychometrically stronger when the Awareness subscale is excluded. 0000010111 00000 n Mediating effects of emotion regulation between socio-cognitive All items loaded significantly on the general factor and all loadings were >0.40, except for two items from the Clarity subscale (items 1 [I am clear about my feelings] and 7 [I know exactly how I am feeling]; standardized loading range: 0.260.90). Behav. The general factor and one specific factor (Goals) also prospectively predicted treatment outcome following a naturalistic course of outpatient cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in a subset of participants (n = 202) for whom discharge data were available. /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/reports, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/blogPosts, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/multimedia, /content/admin/rand-header/jcr:content/par/header/caseStudies, Black Veterans Generally Have a Better Quality of Life than Black Non-Veterans, China's Role in the Global Development of Critical Resources, Federal Data Gaps on New Migrant Students Leave Schools Unable to Plan Ahead, Cannabis Legalization in Europe: Planning Ahead, Wait Times for Veterans Scheduling Health Care Appointments, Improving Psychological Wellbeing and Work Outcomes in the UK, Getting to Know Military Caregivers and Their Needs, Planning for the Rising Costs of Dementia, >Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ). (ed.). Mplus Users Guide, 6th Edn. 0000229085 00000 n 0000008781 00000 n endobj Notably, studies that have attempted to fit a higher-order factor in addition to the six lower-order factors have generally found relatively poor fit, although fit is again improved when the Awareness items are excluded (Bardeen et al., 2012; Fowler et al., 2014). "A new selfreport measure of emotion regulation in adolescents: The Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire," Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 2, 2007, pp. Psychiatry Res. Clin. Clin. Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) The short forms generally performed similarly well despite a slight loss of predictive utility (13% of the variance) for explaining clinical severity. Respondents use a 7-point discrete visual analog scale to indicate the extent to which 10 self-descriptive statements regarding the experience and expression of emotions pertain to them. %%EOF Discharge CGI was available for n = 202 participants. Psychother. The overall pattern of results was similar across the short forms, each of which explained 1416% of the variance in CGI after controlling for age and gender and 1920% of the variance in anxiety, 2931% of the variance in depression, and 27% of the variance in stress after controlling for age, gender, and CGI (Table 4). 102(3), 348-356 This Journal Article is posted at Research Online. The use of a short form in lieu of the full DERS may be sufficient for many general clinical and research purposes, particularly when participant burden is a concern. Psychol. 439 0 obj 0000007041 00000 n J. Psychopathol. Demographic and clinical characteristics. 0000003268 00000 n J. Pers. Behav. 8, 155172. Abstract. W+QjoG-QT@Vs[ljD-!DowZ'_$w2#-[Rl doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271, Gross, J. J. Psychol. Assess. The study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Hartford HealthCare (HHC) Institutional Review Board. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739, Steiger, J. H. (2007). Nevertheless, the DERS-36 explained a small (13%) but significant percentage of variance in several clinical variables beyond variance explained by each short form, suggesting that some potentially useful information may be lost with the reduction of scale length. The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among inpatients with substance use disorders. <> (1976). 0000007933 00000 n The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1152, Henry, J. D., and Crawford, J. R. (2005). The protocol was approved by the Hartford HealthCare (HHC) Institutional Review Board. Although the DERS is often used in treatment and research settings for adults with emotional (i.e., anxiety, mood, obsessive-compulsive, or trauma-related) disorders, its psychometric properties are not well-characterized in this population. LH performed the statistical analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Therefore, the development of a theoretically grounded and developmentally ad. 23, 591599. 0000188228 00000 n Psychometric Properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the general and specific concurrent and predictive validity of the DERS and its subscales using an SEM framework. Clinical global impression scale, in The ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised. 2325 0 obj <> endobj 38, 443455. Res. Main constructs measured. 9. Also critical for future validation work is the inclusion of non-self-report (e.g., behavioral, physiological, or neurobiological) indices of emotion regulation ability. Ther. This model has been embraced primarily within applied clinical research and treatment contexts. However, the finding that several DERS subscales incrementally accounted for variance across several indices of emotion-related psychopathology (anxiety; depression; and stress) is at least consistent with the notion of construct validity, particularly when the findings are situated within the framework proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004), which argues for specific contributions of each facet to emotion-related psychopathology. ____When I am feeling negative emotions, I make sure not to express them. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a 10-item self-report measure of 2 emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. Internal consistency was poor ( < 0.80) and internal consistency for the total score was reliably improved by the exclusion of those items. Psychol. One possible explanation is that participants who began the study with poorer overall emotion regulation skills were able to benefit more from the specific strategies taught in CBT, many of which aim to remediate these deficits.

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