imagery intelligence pdf

[32], While accepting the "face" as a subject for scientific study, astronomer Carl Sagan criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter "The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars" in his 1995 book The Demon-Haunted World. In cases involving youth produced sexual imagery often called sexting - schools and college may refer to the non-statutory UKCCIS sexting in schools and colleges guidance. Sentinel-1 (SAR imaging), Sentinel-2 (decameter optical imaging for land surfaces), and Sentinel-3 (hectometer optical and thermal imaging for land and water) have already been launched. Campbell (2002)[6] defines these as follows: The resolution of satellite images varies depending on the instrument used and the altitude of the satellite's orbit. hb```f``@9D.wqqr>53W-C[@{vMT8R$:$Rfk+!BeW2z!@eWFeW(:Zt`d $PJ`00(1?\@&i Vg00]\ Vk The Director of the NRO is appointed by the President of the United States, by and with the consent of the Senate in accordance with Title 50 of U.S. endstream endobj startxref When the image was originally acquired, Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the "Face on Mars" in image 035A72[14] as a "trick of light and shadow". From May 1962 to August 1964, the NRO conducted 12 mapping missions as part of the "Argon" system. "[34] The seven-minute video chronicles the early days of the NRO and many of its early programs. Of particular significance in the success of the work of Medmenham was the use of stereoscopic images, using a between plate overlap of exactly 60%. [2][3] The first satellite photographs of the Moon might have been made on October 6, 1959, by the Soviet satellite Luna 3, on a mission to photograph the far side of the Moon. In 1971, the annual budget was estimated to be around $1 billion in nominal dollars ($ 6.7 billion real in 2022). Later offensives were also made against potential launch sites at Wizernes and 96 other launch sites in northern France. Purcell. [38] On this latter similarity, Discover magazine's "Skeptical Eye" column ridiculed Hoagland's claims, asking if he believed the aliens were fans of Sesame Street. Depending on the sensor used, weather conditions can affect image quality: for example, it is difficult to obtain images for areas of frequent cloud cover such as mountaintops. It collects multispectral or color imagery at 1.65-meter resolution or about 64inches. For 65 years, ABC-CLIO has been an innovator in academic publishing, providing top-level, comprehensive materials from our scholarly and reference imprints, to our digital curriculum and research databases, to our professional development resources. Several federal law enforcement agencies are administered by the Department of Justice: . Russian reconnaissance satellites with comparable capabilities are named Resurs DK and Persona. Thirty-six million prints were made during the war. U.S. high-flying reconnaissance planes include the Lockheed U-2, and the much faster SR-71 Blackbird, (retired in 1998). nm) at its orbital altitude of 590km. Microsoft is building an Xbox mobile gaming store to take on Reports to and coordinates with the DNRO on all NRO activities and handles the daily management of the NRO with decision responsibility as delegated by the DNRO; and. 13", "The National Reconnaissance Office At 50 Years: A Brief History", "2009 National Intelligence / A Consumer's Guide", "Meet the US's spy system of the future it's Sentient", Mission Ground Station Declassification memo, 2008, "NRO Mission Ground Station Declassification", Space-Based Reconnaissance by MAJ Robert A. Guerriero, National Security Archive: The NRO Declassified, America's secret spy satellites are costing you billions, but they can't even get off the launch pad, Agency planned exercise on September 11 built around a plane crashing into a building, History of the US high-altitude SIGINT system, History of the US reconnaissance system: imagery, Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, DEA Office of National Security Intelligence, Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, National Counterintelligence and Security Center, Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center, Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity, Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency, Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System, Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, Special Access Program Oversight Committee, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Defense Activity for Non-Traditional Education Support, Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, National Security Agency/Central Security Service, Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs, American Forces Radio and Television Service, General Counsel of the Department of Defense, Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense, Assistant Secretary for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, Assistant Secretary (Financial Management and Comptroller), Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Energy and Environment, Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs, Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller), Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Environment), Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs), Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions), Organization of the United States Marine Corps, Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Acquisition), Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Financial Management & Comptroller), Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Installations, Environment & Logistics), Assistant Secretary of the Air Force (Manpower & Reserve Affairs), General Counsel of the Department of the Air Force, Air Force Office of Special Investigations, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Alternate National Military Command Center, Timeline of first orbital launches by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Reconnaissance_Office&oldid=1119922970, United States Department of Defense agencies, Geographic data and information organizations in the United States, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. United States Department of Justice Eighteen images of the Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters, of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m/pixel (820ft/pixel). Provide American/British pronunciation, kinds of dictionaries, plenty of Thesaurus, preferred dictionary setting option, advanced search function and Wordbook Department of Defense MANUAL - whs.mil Recent high-resolution (40.5 metre) private imaging satellites include TerraSAR-X, IKONOS, Orbview, QuickBird and Worldview-1, allowing any country (or any business for that matter) to buy access to satellite images. endstream endobj 112 0 obj <> endobj 113 0 obj <> endobj 114 0 obj <>stream Firschein, Oscar, and Thomas M. Strat, eds. At BAE Systems, we provide some of the world's most advanced, technology-led defence, aerospace and security solutions. Esri Training Highly specialized and secretive strategic reconnaissance aircraft, or spy planes, such as the Lockheed U-2 and its successor, the SR-71 Blackbird were developed by the United States. The NRO Management Information System (NMIS) is a computer network used to distribute NRO data classified as Top Secret. He was carrying coded information about Iraqi and Chinese missile sites. Company. [59][60] NSSL supports both the USSF and NRO, as well as the Navy. Human intelligence (intelligence gathering Artificial intelligence art is any artwork created through the use of artificial intelligence. [27] Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of Earth;[28] examples include the Old Man of the Mountain, the Romanian Sphinx, Giewont, the Pedra da Gvea, the Old Man of Hoy, Stac Levenish, Sleeping Ute, and the Badlands Guardian. Responsible for all aspects of a satellite launch including launch vehicle hardware, launch services integration, mission assurance, operations, transportation, and mission safety; and. The name originally referred to the albedo feature (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound telescopes.The area borders the plains of Acidalia Planitia and the highlands of Arabia Terra. [44] On July 15, 2020, NROL-149 was successfully launched aboard the first launch of Northrop Grumman's new Minotaur IV rocket. Some other uses of satellite imaging have been to produce detailed 3D maps for use in operations and missile guidance systems, and to monitor normally invisible information such as the growth levels of a country's crops or the heat given off by certain facilities. Despite initial scepticism about the possibility of the German rocket technology, major operations, including the 1943 offensives against the V-2 rocket development plant at Peenemnde, were made possible by painstaking work carried out at Medmenham. Resources are available for professionals, educators, and students. For example, the Landsat archive offers repeated imagery at 30 meter resolution for the planet, but most of it has not been processed from the raw data. AR 381-12. It helps people reach a common goal: to gain actionable intelligence from all types of data. This list is likely to be incomplete, given the classified nature of many NRO spacecraft. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency 111 0 obj <> endobj The coordinated system of EOS satellites, including Terra, is a major component of NASA's Science Mission Directorate and the Earth Science Division. Esri Uanowicz, Leszek, and Ryszard Sabak. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. There are also private companies that provide commercial satellite imagery. Join us! The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is a combat support agency within the United States Department of Defense whose primary mission is collecting, analyzing, and distributing geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in support of national security.Initially known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) from 1996 to 2003, it is a member of the United States Senior USAF General Officer. Safe Software | FME | Data Integration Platform [41] On August 30, 2019, Donald Trump tweeted an image of the catastrophic accident during final launch preparations for the Safir SLV Launch at Semnan Launch Site One in Iran. Full-Motion Video Satellite Imagery Positioning of Full-Motion Video and satellite imagery can be off by 10s to 100s of meters. Maxars combined offerings support next-gen national security missions. The four satellites operate from an altitude of 530km and are phased 90 from each other on the same orbit, providing 0.5m panchromatic resolution and 2m multispectral resolution on a swath of 12km.[14][15]. Behavior Modern U.S. IMINT satellites are believed to have around 10cm resolution; contrary to references in popular culture, this is sufficient to detect any type of vehicle, but not to read the headlines of a newspaper.[12]. #8>'euN`. The Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars CD-ROM set image numbers for these are: 035A72 (VO-1010), 070A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B54 & 673B56 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028). Requires Maintenance (11) Web Course ArcGIS Survey123: Creating and Publishing Surveys. Intelligence (DNI) or of the heads of elements of the Intelligence Community pursuant to policies issued by the DNI. Socrates and Berkeley Scholars Web Hosting Services Have Been [36] According to Asia Times Online, one important mission of NRO satellites is the tracking of non-US submarines on patrol or on training missions in the world's oceans and seas. [9] The GeoEye-1 satellite has high resolution imaging system and is able to collect images with a ground resolution of 0.41meters (16inches) in panchromatic or black and white mode. [55] This would correspond to 19% of the overall US intelligence budget of $80 billion for FY2010. One journalist observed, "If telescopes of this caliber are languishing on shelves, imagine what they're actually using. Intelligence [24][25][26] After analysis of the higher resolution Mars Global Surveyor data NASA stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of illumination". EROS satellites imagery applications are primarily for intelligence, homeland security and national development purposes but also employed in a wide range of civilian applications, including: mapping, border control, infrastructure planning, agricultural monitoring, environmental monitoring, disaster response, training and simulations, etc. The day when commercial satellite imagery reduces the stealth of submarines may well come, says Gower, but were not there yet. Pliades constellation is composed of two very-high-resolution (50 centimeters pan & 2.1 meter spectral) optical Earth-imaging satellites. The U.S. KH-11 series of satellites, first launched in 1976, was made by Lockheed, the same contractor who built the Hubble Space Telescope. Since the early 1960s, in the United States aerial and satellite reconnaissance has been coordinated by the National Reconnaissance Office. Since 2017, more than a million Uyghurs and members of other Turkic Muslim minorities have disappeared into a vast network of re-education camps in the far west region of Xinjiang, 10 in what some experts call a systematic, government-led program of cultural genocide. 11 Inside the camps, detainees are subjected to political indoctrination, forced to renounce Human intelligence (abbreviated HUMINT and pronounced as hyoo-mint) is intelligence gathered by means of interpersonal contact, as opposed to the more technical intelligence gathering disciplines such as signals intelligence (SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT) and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT).. NATO defines HUMINT as "a category of intelligence "Unmanned aerial vehicles supporting imagery intelligence using the structured light technology. 0 Image interpretation and analysis of satellite imagery is conducted using specialized remote sensing software. Learn more. [7] The 3 SPOT satellites in orbit (Spot 5, 6, 7) provide very high resolution images 1.5 m for Panchromatic channel, 6m for Multi-spectral (R,G,B,NIR). Responsible for acquiring NRO's technologically advanced imagery collection systems, which provides geospatial intelligence data to the Intelligence Community and the military. ", Davies, Philip H. J. nuT"@ p`7 This is the web site of the International DOI Foundation (IDF), a not-for-profit membership organization that is the governance and management body for the federation of Registration Agencies providing Digital Object Identifier (DOI) services and registration, and is the registration authority for the ISO standard (ISO 26324) for the DOI system. The primary purpose of most spy satellites is to monitor visible ground activity. (S)AR 381-3 Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) (U) AR 381-4, Counterintelligence Technical Surveillance Countermeasures - 03 October 1986. Spot Image also distributes multiresolution data from other optical satellites, in particular from Formosat-2 (Taiwan) and Kompsat-2 (South Korea) and from radar satellites (TerraSar-X, ERS, Envisat, Radarsat). New York London: The Guilford Press, Catherine Betts told the Associated Press (2007), Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer, Timeline of first images of Earth from space, "First Picture from Explorer VI Satellite", "When was the Landsat 9 satellite launched? The United States has led the way in making these data freely available for scientific use. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing. [20] In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. In the commercial high-resolution satellite market, EROS is the smallest very high resolution satellite; it is very agile and thus enables very high performances. ", Dupr, Robert E. "Guide to imagery intelligence.". BAE Systems [35] In 1998 a news article about the "Space Face" quoted a scientist talking about deciphering "intelligent design" in nature. [5] Images can be in visible colors and in other spectra. About Our Coalition - Clean Air California First phase imagery analysis is deemed "time-dominant." [17][39], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}4044N 928W / 40.74N 9.46W / 40.74; -9.46, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, "Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features", "PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation", "Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (Experiment Data Records)", "The Empire Strikes Back: Europe's First Trip to Mars Brings Home 'The Gold', "Pixel Inversion NASA's Misinformation on the Mars Face", "The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries", "Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation", "Alien archaeology on Mars? After more than twenty years, Questia is discontinuing operations as of Monday, December 21, 2020. Because the total area of the land on Earth is so large and because resolution is relatively high, satellite databases are huge and image processing (creating useful images from the raw data) is time-consuming. Join LiveJournal A large number of photographic interpreters were recruited from the Hollywood Film Studios including Xavier Atencio. Cydonia (/ s d o n i /, / s a d o n i /) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. By combining data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on the Mars Express probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor it has been possible to create a three-dimensional representation of the "Face on Mars". Earth Resource Observation Satellites, better known as "EROS" satellites, are lightweight, low earth orbiting, high-resolution satellites designed for fast maneuvering between imaging targets. They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. The Blue Marble photograph was taken from space in 1972, and has become very popular in the media and among the public. [10], The National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) develops, builds, launches, and operates space reconnaissance systems and conducts intelligence-related activities for U.S. national security.[11][12]. The first satellite (orbital) photographs of Earth were made Join a collaborative user community of forward-thinking geographic information system (GIS) professionals discovering new insights, sharing innovative best practices, and learning about the latest geospatial technology. Safe Software | FME | Data Integration Platform The satellite was launched by the National Reconnaissance Office in 2011. [9] It is in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle. Geometric resolution refers to the satellite sensor's ability to effectively image a portion of the Earth's surface in a single pixel and is typically expressed in terms of, Land surface climatologyinvestigation of land surface parameters, surface temperature, etc., to understand land-surface interaction and energy and moisture fluxes, Vegetation and ecosystem dynamicsinvestigations of vegetation and soil distribution and their changes to estimate biological productivity, understand land-atmosphere interactions, and detect ecosystem change, Volcano monitoringmonitoring of eruptions and precursor events, such as gas emissions, eruption plumes, development of lava lakes, eruptive history and eruptive potential. There have been hundreds of reconnaissance satellites launched by dozens of nations since the first years of space exploration. [48] On September 24, 2022, NROL-91 (USA 338) was launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base's Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6) aboard a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy. The images that Google Maps displays are no different from what can be seen by anyone who flies over or drives by a specific geographic location. Manages the Tactical Defense Space Reconnaissance (TacDSR) Program to directly answer emerging warfighting intelligence requirements of the Combatant Commands (CCMDs), Services, and other tactical users as funded by the Department of Defense (DoD) Military Intelligence Program (MIP). Digital Journal National Geographic stories take you on a journey thats always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating. Encompasses all those support functions such as legal, diversity, human resources, security/counterintelligence, procurement, public affairs, etc. This means that given imagery must be rapidly exploited in order to satisfy an immediate requirement for imagery-sourced intelligence from which a leader may make an educated political and/or military decision. Maps & Imagery Wildland Fires > 100 acres: By State: Google - Weather, Hazards, Emergency Preparedness Map National Intelligence Ops Program : Programs & Training Webpage : NRCC Home | About Us | Site Disclaimer | Contact Us. National Geographic Satellite imaging of the Earth surface is of sufficient public utility that many countries maintain satellite imaging programs. 0139-08)", "Download the declassified Satellite Reconnaissance: Secret Eyes in Space", "U.S. Reconnaissance Satellites: Domestic Targets Documents Describe Use of Satellites in Support of Civil Agencies and Longstanding Controversy", "US satellites shadow China's submarines", "Bruce Carlson, Director, NRO, National Space Symposium, Remarks", The IG complaint of Mark Phillips concerning the NRO | McClatchy, Sen. Charles Grassley Seeks Probe Of Polygraph Techniques At National Reconnaissance Office, WASHINGTON: IG: Feds didn't pass polygraph evidence of child abuse to investigators | Courts & Crime, "SatTrackCam Leiden (B)log: Image from Trump tweet identified as imagery by USA 224, a classified KH-11 ENHANCED CRYSTAL satellite", "Rocket Lab launches satellite for US spysat agency, guides booster back to Earth", "SpaceX wraps up 2020 with Falcon 9 launch of classified NRO satellite", "Northrop Grumman Contributes to Successful National Security Launch", "Minotaur 1 rocket launches 3 classified spy satellites for National Reconnaissance Office", "National Reconnaissance Office launches 3 satellites off Virginia coast", "Pentagon's National Reconnaissance Office says latest launches demonstrate speed, agility", "Department of Defense Directive 5105.23, Change 1, 29 October, 2015", "Ultra-Secret Office Gets First Budget Scrutiny", "Overall U.S. intelligence budget tops $80 billion", "Media Roundtable with U.S. Space Command Commander Gen. John Raymond", "With a signature, Trump brings Space Force into being", "JUST IN: National Reconnaissance Office Embracing Commercial Tech", "Defense Primer: National Security Space Launch", "NRO Innovating Faster in Era of Great Power Space Competition", "NASA Adopts Two Spare Spy Telescopes, Each Maybe More Powerful than Hubble", "NRO Systems Overview - Module 2: Orbital Mechanics", "FY 2013 Congressional Budget Justification, Volume 1, National Intelligence Program Summary, Resource Exhibit No. Unmanned aerial vehicles have been developed for imagery and signals intelligence. Some of the multi-spectral sensors, such as thermal measurement, are more electro-optical MASINT than true IMINT platforms. Landsat 7 has an average return period of 16 days. B. It is the computed response of the system or organism to various stimuli or in, Caddell Jr, Joseph W. "Corona over Cuba: The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence. [6][7] The Central Interpretation Unit (CIU) was later amalgamated with the Bomber Command Damage Assessment Section and the Night Photographic Interpretation Section of No 3 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit, RAF Oakington, in 1942. Maps. Join us! (2004). !1`j0d\As(| Invents and delivers advanced technologies; Responsible for all financial and budgetary aspects of NRO programs and operations; and. In 2015, Planet acquired BlackBridge, and its constellation of five RapidEye satellites, launched in August 2008. 1 Hour, 20 Minutes. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and Low- and high-flying planes have been used all through the last century to gather intelligence about the enemy. military attachs); Espionage clandestine reporting, access agents, couriers, cutouts The NRO was established on August 25, 1960, after management problems and insufficient progress with the USAF satellite reconnaissance program (see SAMOS and MIDAS). Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. GIS maps are easily shared and embedded in apps, and accessible by virtually everyone, everywhere. While the exact resolution and other details of modern spy satellites are classified, some idea of the trade-offs available can be made using simple physics. Like first phase imagery analysis, second phase imagery analysis is generally catalyzed by a local commander's Priority Intelligence Requirements, at least in the context of a military operational setting. [citation needed]. Each travel on the same orbital plane at 630km, and deliver images in 5 meter pixel size. [23], A Washington Post article in September 1995 reported that the NRO had quietly hoarded between $1 billion and $1.7 billion in unspent funds without informing the Central Intelligence Agency, the Pentagon, or Congress.[24]. William Gould, and Carlos D. Rodrguez-Pedraza. These spacecraft have included NASA's Mars Global Surveyor (19972006) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (2006),[19] and the European Space Agency's Mars Express probe (2003). According to former CIA general counsel Jeffrey Smith, who led the investigation: "Our inquiry revealed that the NRO had for years accumulated very substantial amounts as a 'rainy day fund. National Reconnaissance Office Intelligence (FM 2-0)|(, systems for destroying enemy spy satellites, Defence Imagery and Geospatial Organisation, https://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/policy/army/fm/2-0/chap7.htm, "Human system interface (HSI) issues in assisted target recognition (ASTR)", Allied Central Interpretation Unit (ACIU), "Operation Crossbow", BBC2, broadcast 15 May 2011, "The GAMBIT Story, Appendix A, page 154, initial Sept. 2011 release", https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm2-0.pdf, Introduction to Imagery Intelligence via globalsecurity, Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, Geraldton, Joint Australian-US intelligence facility - Pine Gap, Counterintelligence and counter-terrorism organizations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imagery_intelligence&oldid=1092500738, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Beitler, Stephen S. "Imagery Intelligence."

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