ohio river valley 1754

The 24th, This Morning arrived an Indian, in Company with him I had sent to the Half King, and brought me the following Letter from him. These, and other Discourses to the same Purpose, made us suspect that their Intentions towards us were evil; wherefore I delayed giving them Audience until the Arrival of the Half-King, and desired also the Delawares to have Patience till then, as I only waited their Arrival to hold a Council, which I expected would be that same Day. (From the 22d to the 24th, the Journal contains only a Description of the Country.) The British then closed in on Quebec, where Gen. James Wolfe won a spectacular victory in the Battle of Quebec on the Plains of Abraham in September of 1759 (though both he and the French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm, were fatally wounded). Col. Crawford became separated from the main body, and became lost. According to this letter there were 12 Frenchmen killed. description ends , 1:364n). THE Governors of Virginia and Pennsylvania; We your Brethren, the Delawares remember perfectly well the Treaty of Loiston, where you and your Uncles the Six-Nations, considering the bad Situation we were in, for want of a Man to be our Leader, you then gave us a King,69 and told us, he should transact all our publick Affairs between you and us; you gave us a Charge, not to listen to every vain Report that might be spread, but to consult ourselves, and to do, what would seem to us, to be right: We assure you, that we have given no Credit to any of those Reports, nor ever shall; but will be guided by you, our Brethren; and by our Uncles the Six-Nations: And will do, on all Occasions, what is just and right, taking Advice from you alone. It was thought a Thing impracticable to march towards the Fort without sufficient Strength; however, being strongly invited by the Indians, and particularly by the Speeches of the Half-King, the President gave his Opinion, that it would be proper to advance as far as Red-Stone-Creek, on Monaungahela, about Thirty-seven Miles on this Side of the Fort, and there to raise a Fortification, clearing a Road broad enough to pass with all our Artillery and our Baggage, and there to wait for fresh Orders. This young Man desired to have a Part of the Presents which were allotted for them, but that the remaining Part might be kept for another Opportunity: He said he would go to his own Family, and to several others, and would wait on them at Mr. Gists, where he desired Men and Horses should be sent ready to bring them up to our Camp. The invading forestall any attempt at early settlement. On the evening of 24 May, GW received another report that the French were at the crossing of the Youghiogheny some 18 miles away; he decided upon Great Meadows as a convenient place to make a stand. What happened at the Ohio River Valley? had made any such concession. I will answer for their good Behavior with my Life, if your Province does not interfere (S.C. IND. frontal assault against the fort was undertaken. If this were to be disputed, let Facts speak; they come when we send for them, they go when they are bid and they do whatever is desired of them. A companion, who witnessed the He describes the landscape he saw along the Great Kanawha The ease of getting to markets in the then-Spanish city of New Orleans by travelling on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers meant that settlers could turn to Spain for commerce or political alliances. In November 1758, General John Forbes captured Fort Duquesne for the British after the French destroyed and abandoned it, and Fort Pittnamed after William Pittwas built on the site, giving the British a key stronghold. This done, he repeated the Speeches of M. de Contrecour; after which, the Delaware Speaker directed to me the following Speech. Dinwiddies letter to GW is dated 4 May 1754 (DINWIDDIE description begins R. Alonzo Brock, ed. Battle of Jumonville Glen, (28 May 1754), opening battle of the French and Indian War and first combat action for George Washington. of 1782, with Indian raids continuing around them, a force of men from description ends , 1:5253). . Road Bridge. Richmond, 188384. . description ends , 175258, 198). The 25th, Towards Night came three Men from the Great Meadows, amongst whom was the Son of Queen Aliguipa.73. Photostats of a deposition by Pvt. 58. 1718). the French in the 17th century, and this land, called New France, was On 24 May, his force reached Great Meadows, an open, marshy area about 60 miles (96 km) southeast of the Forks (near present-day Farmington, Pennsylvania) where camp was set up. Why did George Washington lead troops into the Ohio Valley in 1754? The surprised French, who claimed they were a diplomatic, not military, corps and who were led by Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville, returned the musket fire for fifteen minutes before they surrendered. I shall not be satisfied if I do not see you before all our Forces are met together at the Fort which is in the Way; wherefore, I desire, with the greatest Earnestness, that you, or at least one of you, would come as soon as possible to meet us on the Road, and to assist us in Council. In January 1754, a company of the volunteer Virginia Regiment was sent to build a fort at the strategic confluence of the Monongohela and Allegany rivers (the "Forks," modern-day Pittsburgh) where the Ohio River began. 24. them. All Rights Reserved. Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia. This will give you A Much Clearer Picture of what life was like for American Indians in the 1700s. But they had grown also to hate the British. New York, 1757. description ends , 67. Washington was sent to show control of the Ohio River Valley for England, to counter French claims to the area. followed, till he was brought thereby to a low obscure Place; that he was of Opinion the whole Party of the French was hidden there. William Trent had been ordered to have packhorses waiting at Wills Creek to convey troops and supplies, but when GW arrived there was none in readiness, nor any in expectation, that I could perceive. The troops were therefore compelled to wait until wagons could be procured from the South Branch of the Potomac some 40 miles away. On 4 June Dinwiddie wrote to GW, appointing him to the command of the Virginia Regiment (DINWIDDIE description begins R. Alonzo Brock, ed. At that time, millions of indigenous people had read more, Long before Christopher Columbus stepped foot on what would come to be known as the Americas, the expansive territory was inhabited by Native Americans. A Store is built there by the Ohio Company, wherein may be placed our Ammunition and Provisions. The new American government did not want to allow settlement GWs letter to Gov. would set out numerous times to attack the roving bands of Indian warriors When we came to the Half King, I councild with him, and got his assent to go hand in hand and strike the French. There were only twenty Richmond, 190515. 1927. Let us know. . Richmond, 188384. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia. . In 1753, when George Washington was 21 years old, he volunteered to travel with a fellow surveyor named Christopher Gist to the Ohio Valley. The English gave them two Volleys, but the Indians did not fire. Local militia This report was contradicted by some other traders who came directly from there. In 1758, his brother Pierre Joseph died at six, and Pierre Charles became George Croghan (d. 1782) was probably the best-known Indian trader on the Pennsylvania frontier. Stewarts Crossing was on the Youghiogheny River below present-day Connellsville in Fayette County, Pa. 68. The Ohio River Valley floodplain is the region on the Kentucky side of the river where the Ohio River has historically flooded and deposited sand, gravel, and sediment. State Park. Women and children The Ohio Country (sometimes called the Ohio Territory or Ohio Valley by the French) was a name used in the mid- to late 18th century for a region of North America west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the upper Ohio and Allegheny rivers, extending to Lake Erie.The area encompassed roughly northwestern West Virginia, Western Pennsylvania, all of the present-day The Indians who were present when the Thing was done, say, that Mr. de Jumonville was killed by a Musket-Shot in the Head, whilst they were reading the Summons; and that the English would afterwards have killed all our Men, had not the Indians who were present, by rushing in between them and the English, prevented their Design (MEMOIR description begins [Jacob Nicolas Moreau]. On this day in history, May 28, 1754, George Washington inadvertently starts the French and Indian War at the Battle of Jumonville Glen. By 1776 his personal finances were in serious disorder, and he moved from London to Paris, although he apparently retained some nebulous connection with the British government (see JAMES description begins Alfred Procter James. Enjoy our 8-day Upper Mississippi River Cruise from St. Louis to St. Paul. Mercer,57 Again men from the fort were lured out into the open by two Indians, A COUNCIL of WAR held at Wills-Creek, in order to consult upon what must be done on Account of the News brought by Mr. Wart. Richard Corbin and Philip Ludwell, both members of the governors council, accompanied Dinwiddie to the Winchester council. Convinced that the French intended to attack, Washington decided to strike first. to build their homes suddenly perceived themselves to be vulnerable, and In the fall of 1770, Washington traveled westwards with his friend Dr. James Craik and three servants, traversing for nine weeks and one day. The Virginians fought with their backs up against When we assembled, they told us very shortly, that they had often desired to see their Brethren out in the Field with Forces, and begged us not to take it amiss, that they were amongst the French, and that they complied with some of their Customs; notwithstanding which they were naturally inclined to fall upon them, and other Words to that Purport: After which they said, they had brought a Speech with them; and desired to deliver it with Speed. The following is my Answer to the Speech of the Half-King; To the Half-King, and to the Chiefs and Warriors of the Shawanese and Loups our Friends and Brethren. Wanting to limit British influence alongtheir frontier, the French built a string of forts from Lake Erie towards the forks of the Ohio (present-day Pittsburgh). John West, Jr. (d. 1777), of Fairfax County was commissioned a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment 27 Feb. 1754 and served until August, when the regiment was disbanded (VA. (WRITINGS description begins John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. The table displays: The city rank by population as of July 1, See n. 68. a fierce and closely fought battle. Upon GWs arrival at Great Meadows he had sent out small light partys of Horse (Wagn. were still vulnerable to Indian attacks until General Waynes READ MORE:7 Events That Led to the American Revolution, https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/french-and-indian-war. 66. A Council was held in the Camp for that Purpose, where the Half-King, and several of the Six Nations, Loups and Shawanese, to the Number of Forty, were present. . description ends , 1:3536). 48. I heard the bullets whistle, and, believe me, there is something charming in the sound (WRITINGS description begins John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. With the required population of 5000 adult The French and Indian War was originally waged by France and England primarily for control of the region known as the Ohio River Valley. They informed me that they had been sent with a Summons to order me to depart. I am ready, if you think it proper, to go to both the Governors, with these two young Men, for I have now no more Dependance on those who have been gone so long, without returning or sending any Message. He informed me that the Indians are very angry at our delay, and that they threaten to abandon the country; that the French are expected every day at the lower part of the river; that the fort is begun, but hardly advanced; and several other particulars (CONTRECOEUR DIARY description begins Donald H. Kent, ed. 16th, Set out for Red-Stone-Creek, and were extremely perplexed, our Waggons breaking very often. Christopher Gists Journals with Historical, Geographical and Ethnological Notes and Biographies of his Contemporaries. . The Indians, Therefore we desire you, by this Belt, to let us know it, as also the Number of those whom you expect, and at what Time you expect them, and when you reckon to attack the French, that we may give Notice thereof to our Town, and know also, what we shall have to tell the French. New York, 1971. description ends , 25866). had become uneasy because of the lead plates the French had deposited, On 23 May GW wrote to Joshua Fry that he has returned from my discoveries down the Youghiogany, which I am sorry to say, can never be made navigable. The group had traveled some 30 miles in a fruitless search for a water route. Records Commission. While as much of the French for informing them of his Strength & Situation. A more likely suggestion is Peter Shaver (Shafer), a licensed trader in Pennsylvania in 1744 who lived four miles from the Susquehanna River in 1750 (HANNA description begins Charles A. Hanna. From there The French Montana is a state located in the Western United States. Point Pleasant, he was to march for Chillicothe to meet up with the the English side eventually was able to field an army of nearly 30,000 British officials claimed the Iroquois Confederacy had granted a Native American named Tanaghrisson the title of "Half-King" over the Mingoes and other Native communities under Iroquois rule. As they had told me there were Sixteen Hundred French, and Seven Hundred Indians on their March, to reinforce those at the Garrison, I perswaded the Half King to send three of his Men to inquire into the Truth of it; though I imagined this News to be only Soldiers Discourse; these Indians were accordingly sent in a secret Manner, before the Council broke up, and had Orders to go to the Fort, and get what Information they could from all the Indians they should meet, and if there was any News worth while, one of them should return, and the other two continue their Rout as far as Venango, and about the Lake, in order to obtain a perfect Knowledge of every Thing. Capt. A garrison was built and maintained at Point Pleasant In July the port of Boston had been It was the Opinion of the Half-King in this Case, that their Intentions were evil, and that it was a pure Pretence; that they never intended to come to us but as Enemies; and if we had been such Fools as to let them go, they would never help us any more to take other Frenchmen. Inform yourself, without seeming to do so, if this Delaware, who is said to have transmitted the letter to the Soldiers of your garrison, again frequents the fort (PAPIERS CONTRECOEUR description begins Fernand Grenier, ed. In the Contrecoeur version the following entry appears for 17 April: About noon I met Mr. Gist who had been sent from Oyo on express by the Half King in order to find out when the English could be expected there. GW had been pessimistic about the possibility of finding the Youghiogheny navigable and had ordered the soldiers on by land in the direction of Red Stone Creek. 3d, We may easily (having all these Conveniences) preserve our People from the ill Consequences of Inaction, and encourage the Indians our Allies, to remain in our Interest. partners, and the Indians did not perceive them to be a threat to take closed, and by late fall the colony had essentially divided into two 15 Minutes we killed 10, wounded one, and took 21 Prisoners. Before its abandonment it was The date of the commissions receipt as given here is in error. captured by a group of Delawares, and brought to a nearby Indian village We have, with Natures assistance made a good Intrenchment and by clearing the Bushes out of these Meadows prepard a charming field for an Encounter (GW to Dinwiddie, 27 May 1754, ViHi). The Hog was licensed to practice law on 10 May 1759, and in 1772 Lord Dunmore appointed him prosecuting attorney for Dunmore County. . the crops, and left. his party paddled their way back upstream to Pittsburgh, up the Monongahela, Nathanael Greene (August 7 [O.S. . I also ordered them to examine closely all the Woods round about, and if they should find any Frenchman apart from the rest, to seize him and bring him to us, that we might learn what we could from him: We were exceedingly desirous to know, if there was any Possibility of sending . preserve, publish, and encourage the use of documentary sources, relating to the history of description ends , 1:70). 1.57K subscribers. Donald Jackson and Dorothy Twohig (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1976), 290. He also informed us that they were busy building two strong houses, one upon the Oyo, and the other upon the River Mal engueule [Monongahela], both of them about three hundred rods from their junction; and that they are setting up a battery on an islet between them. English trying to control the Ohio River valley and the Great Lakes, ended in an embarrassing loss for the French (especially in the Battle of Quebec). As I delight in letting you know with speed the Thoughts of our Heart, I send you back this young Man, with this Speech, to acquaint you therewith, and the other young Man I have sent to the Governor of Virginia, to deliver him your Speech and your Wampum, and to be an Eye-witness of those Preparations we are making, to come in all Haste to the Assistance of those whose Interest is as dear to us as our Lives. On that day Dinwiddie informed the council of Wards surrender and presented it a copy of the Resolve of a Council of War held thereupon. The council requested that his Honour would Signifie by a Letter to Col. Washington that his Conduct in General has been approved of, more particularly the Caution he has taken in halting at Red Stone Creek, til they have Assembled a Sufficient Body to secure themselves & Cannon and then to proceed to Monongahela (VA. EXEC. the attack. 6d. Although they were Point State Park (locally known as The Point) is a Pennsylvania state park on 36 acres (150,000 m 2) in Downtown Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, forming the Ohio River.. Lower Shawneetown, also known as Shannoah or Sonnontio, was an 18th-century Shawnee village located within the Lower Shawneetown Archeological District, near South Portsmouth in Greenup County, Kentucky and Lewis County, Kentucky. In 1753, Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched 21-year-old George Washington to southwestern Pennsylvania with a written order to French forces to vacate the contested territory of the Ohio Valley. Following centuries of conflict for control of this region, Stephens Carried only four days provision with him; & there fell such a heavy rain, that it raisd all the Rivers in the Mountains; he sent out Hunters to kill provisions; employd the Rest in making Rafts, & with labour & difficulty crossd all the Rivers. The next day, two men from the fort were out hunting Lewis was captured by the French during James Grants ill-fated attack on Fort Duquesne in Sept. 1758 and was taken to Montreal. The 12th, Marched away, and went on a rising Ground, where we halted to dry ourselves, for we had been obliged to ford a deep River, where our shortest Men had Water up to their Arm-pits. The Ohio River, formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, runs through the valley. In recruiting men to construct the fort at the Forks, Trent had apparently promised them pay of 2s. Battle of Jumonville Glen, (28 May 1754), opening battle of the French and Indian War and first combat action for George Washington. When I received the above Express, I dispatched a Courier to Colonel Fry, to give him Notice of it. Jacob Van Braam had accompanied GW on his journey to the French commandant in 1753. In May 1754, encouraged by Ohio Valley Indians and the governor of Virginia, Major George Washington marched soldiers to occupy the forks of the Ohio River (present day This letter was omitted from the published diary, and no copy has been found. The Seven Years War Ohio Valley Disputes and Jays Treaty, 1790 to 1794. The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 17511758. and his friend and personal surveyor, William Crawford, embarked on a journey down 2 vols. 2d ed. London, 1847. description ends , 1:400). I recd a Message from the Chiefs of some of their Tribes, acquaintg me that they could not come to W. at that Time, because the French had invaded and taken Possession of their Lands, and that they cd not properly leave their People, but that they had joined our Forces under the Comd of Colo. Geo. many historians point to Point Pleasant as the first battle of the Revolutionary My Friends whom I send to you, The Official Records of Robert Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Governor of the Colony of Virginia, 17511758. GW wrote to Dinwiddie 18 May, transmitting a written memorial from his officers protesting pay and rations: I am heartily concerned, that the officers have such real cause to complain of the Committees resolves; and still more to find my inclinations prone to second their just grievances. Although GW was reluctant to surrender his commission, I would rather prefer the great toil of a daily laborer, and dig for a maintenance . 39. Francis Fauquier for a commission in the British army (Fauquier to William Pitt, 3 April 1761, P.R.O., C.O.30/8/32, ff. . Through its grants program, the NHPRC supports a wide range of activities to could. Confusing? the scene of one more drama. Washington, but desird me to send them some of the Present sent them from their Father, the King of G. B., wch I accordingly did to Colo. W (DINWIDDIE description begins R. Alonzo Brock, ed. 39 vols. 17th, Dispatched an Express to the Half-King, in order to perswade him to send a Message to the Loups [Delawares]; which he did. For more than 250 years, as Europeans sought to control newly settled American land, wars raged between Native Americans and the frontiersmen who encroached on their territory, resources and trade. new dividing line was to become the Ohio River. The Indians would claim that We also found other Places where the Water was rapid, but not so deep, and the Current smoother; we easily passed over them; but afterwards we found little or scarce any Bottom: There are Mountains on both Sides of the River. 2 vols. the entire war. The Speaker of the Six-Nations directed the following Speech to the Governor of Virginia. The remaining thirty-three men, along with all Towards the middle of 2 vols. with the Indians being restricted to the northwestern sector. This Day, arrived the Men belonging to Captain Trent, who by your Orders had been inlisted as Militia-Troops; the Officers having imprudently promised them Two Shillings per Day, they now refuse to serve for less Pay; Wart shall receive your Orders on that Head.35. This was a time of relative peace between the settlers and the Indians, not in any way connected with these Indians, Cornstalk, his son and Red The trip was organized so Washington could view the lands that he earned in return for his service during the French and Indian War. overland to the Ohio River, and Lord Dunmore would command a second army Indians were paid on a per scalp, or per prisoner basis. In The French pilloried Washington as a war criminal, and their outrage helped spur their July 3 attack on Washington at the Battle of Fort Necessity, which ended in Washingtons sole surrender in his military career. The French and Indian War, the North American phase of the larger Seven Years' War, began after a series of incidents in the Two companies also helped develop the region. part massacred or taken prisoners. The 6th, Mr. Gist is returned, and acquaints me of the safe Arrival of the French Prisoners at Winchester, and of the Death of poor Colonel Fry.64. However, British Prime Minister Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, reacted swiftly to the news, and planned a quick strike against the French forts before they could be reinforced. Richmond, 192566. Papiers Contrecur et autres documents concernant le conflit anglo-franais sur lOhio de 1745 1756. for a major. 67. Both countries wanted control of the Ohio River Valley because of the profitable fur trade. In 1753 the French began to erect a chain of forts from Series: French and Indian War - The Contest for the Ohio River Valley. line between the European settlers and the Indians. Each country took action to enhance Random Indian raids Unit 5 1. Christopher Gists new settlement was in central Fayette County, Pa., near present-day Mount Braddock. For decades, France and Great Britain had competed for control of the Ohio River Valley. . troops from England to fight alongside about 20,000 Colonists, and in This young Man will inform you, where he found a small Part of our Army, making towards you, clearing the Roads for a great Number of our Warriors, who are ready to follow us, with our great Guns, our Ammunition and Provisions. At the start of the war, the French colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers, compared with 2 million in the British colonies. Richmond, 188384. and during the summer months Fort Fincastle was constructed at Wheeling. He was dismissed from the service in Nov. 1777. per day, the amount commonly allowed volunteers; however, he had enlisted the men in the militia, where the rate allowed private soldiers was 8d. Reprint. Washington was also able to talk to two men who had trekked as far west as Fort Chartres and up the Cumberland River, through Kentucky and Tennessee. Upgrade to MrN 365 to access our entire library of incredible educational resources and teacher tools in an ad-free environment. We underwent several Difficulties about Omissions? . Lake Erie to the Ohio River. Washington arrived at Fort Le Boeuf, about 15 miles inland from present-day Erie, Pennsylvania, and delivered his message. We were frequently tumbling one over another, and often so lost, that 15 or 20 Minutes search would not find the path again. 18. Reprint. Gen. George Rogers Clark had considerable success against both the Indians 619 subscribers. 41. When the Ohio Company renewed its activities after the French and Indian War, Mercer was an active promoter of its interests, serving as its London agent 176370. In the years before the French and Indian War he established a network of trading posts on the frontier and became Pennsylvanias chief agent to the Indians. Translated from the French. At the Logstown council in 1752, Shingas had been made head chief of the Delaware Nation by the Half-King (see SIPE description begins C. Hale Sipe. The Contrecoeur version of the diary has the following entry: May 15. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 17451799. I learned by letter, among other things, that Governor Charlay [William Shirley of Massachusetts] had sent six hundred men to harass the French in Canada. 53. description ends , 1:4344. See also KOONTZ, 138. The French claimed that Jumonvilles mission was that of an ambassador, similar to GWs own journey to the French forts a few months earlier, and that the English opened fire on the French without warning. so well agree as not to let some Punctillios abt Comd render the Service You are all engagd in, perplexed or obstructed (ViHi). To defend his newly won territory from future attacks, King George IIalso decided to install permanent British army units in the Americas, which required additional sources of revenue.

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