zoroastrianism founder

Though it was the largest religion in the ancient world by both the number of adherents and geographical scope, Zoroastrianism is still vastly understudied in religion, history, and especially classics. literally "non-Iranian"). Humbach H, Skjrv P.O. Where does this duality come from?. This version together with the ones we encounter in. The consecration process starts with Yasna and Venddd ceremonies, performed for each fire for two days. Whether an original explanation for the problem of evil was given and lost or simply assumed, the question was not explicitly addressed until the 19th century CE. Zoroastrianism influenced the development of Western angelologies and Demonologies. As per them, Water and Fire are the essentials to sustain human life. ta Bahrm is considered to be the first-grade fire since it is formed from purification and fusion of all 16 kinds. A plaque says that the fire been burning since about 470 ACE and was transferred from Nahid-e-Pars temple to Ardakan, then to Yazd and to its present site.". And we find the earliest account of it in one of the oldest texts of Avesta, Yasna Haptahiti (35.2), which declares (translation is based on A. Hintze's edition) : "Of good thoughts, good words, good deeds both here and elsewhere both here and elsewhere being done".The principle is also reiterated in the Fravarn (Yasna chapter 12), which is a formulaic utterance of confession and embodies the concept of Zoroastrian creed in a broad sense. 2. So he started praying to the almighty for a child. The invention of a new writing system that could represent all the sounds of the Avestan language, was an achievement to be proud of. (p 218). A fire was kept lit at an altar known as a Fire Temple, and a priest would officiate in reciting the sacred words and offering up prayers in the presence of the sacred flame. The Iranians were constantly followed by Arab troops who after the fall of Makran forced them to move towards Sindh (modern Pakistan) and Gujarat. Historians and religious scholars generally date his life sometime between 1500 and 1000 B.C. Although religious literature and other facts about the Zoroastrian religion slowly started to get extinct, we came to know about the religion due to the remaining statues and stories. It is important to recall that there are some geographical names mentioned in Avesta. The emergence of a new Zoroastrian community in Iraqi Kurdistan as a result of apostasy from Islam and conversions to Zoroastrianism happening on a massive level among Kurds must be treated as a special case. Bahai Religion | Faith, Beliefs, God, & More.. Confucianism beliefs What are important beliefs of Ruism? door of Mithra or door of love) or alternatively dar be-mehr. jQuery('#dd_c3a18ef380b4392ad00dfb992464a4f9').on('change', function() { (Av. (Ahura means Lord and Mazda means Wisdom in Avestan). 1 (Jan. - Mar., 2003), pp. Crawfords novel is called Zoroaster (London/New York, 1894). Faith Cometh By Hearing | How to Increase Your Faith. Among the Iranian Zoroastrians and those who are called Fasli (those who follow. 225-249. The idea is that the world and everything that embraces our entire existence has been created by the good and evil spirits of equal divine might (in the Zoroastrian liturgy they are mentioned as being twins). Speaking about the past, however, a more complicated picture emerges. Fravashis are guardian souls'' of men in Zoroastrianism and the 13th Yat (called Frawardn Yat) of Avesta is dedicated to t. Fravarn, lit. Consequently, the warrior aspect, present in Iranian Anhit, might be explained by the influence from another cultural domain. Before. Zoroaster is said to have continued preaching his faith until he died, around the age of 77, either of old age or, according to later works from the Sassanian Period, assassinated by a priest of the old religion. A problem which the Avesta does not address is where Angra Mainyu and the forces of evil comes from if the universe was created by an all-powerful deity who is all-good. In the Zoroastrian religion, the two components for ritual purity are water (aban) and fire (atar). k). Zoroaster himself is not worshipped, but through his teachings, man can become close to God by following the path of truth and righteousness (Asha). Zoroastrianism survived, however though adherents were greatly reduced in number and continues to be observed in the present day. ), 2. Top Zoroastrianism Founder Quotes. However much of the Sasanian Avesta was lost and the only part completely preserved is Vidvdd. Nigosian states that there are various streams of thought. Books Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. The religion itself is also pronounced as Mazdayasna which is created from the mixture of two words; Mazda and the Avestan language word, Yasna which means worship or devotion. When was Zoroastrianism founded? (1991) The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts, Part I: Introduction - Text and Translation (Indogermanische Bibliothek. This has caused some to call Zoroastrianism the first ecological religion. So how did it happen that Zoroastrians settled in India? This vertical axis is Dualism which has permeated nearly every aspect of religious activity. -Omnipresent (is everywhere) Gershevitch I. The Faravahar symbol was retrieved and widely used during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi. Forward i am heavy backward not. Zoroaster was the founder of the religion and was a prophet. According to, in his ascension to the throne but preferred to remain, , on the contrary, portrayed Zoroaster as a shaman and leader of a religious group. The central part of the Yasna ceremony is water offering, b-zhr (Av. Just like any other religion, Zoroastrianism is also based on beliefs. bypasses the difficulties mentioned above, since being an, , each grapheme here represents one phoneme of the language. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Every fire temple has an inner room where the fire is preserved and venerated. Ahura Mazds counterpart is Ara Mainyu evil spirit, the most powerful demon who is commanding the forces of Evil. For doubting their true lord and listening to lies, they were expelled from paradise and condemned to a world of difficulty and strife, but their descendants could still live meaningful and fulfilling lives by remaining loyal to Ahura Mazda. What Is Hinduism religion Origins, Facts & Beliefs? We care about our planet and contribute a share of our revenue to carbon removal from the atmosphere. It is performed in the morning, the period of the day called Havan gah (Av. This belief system held that there were many gods, ruled by Ahura Mazda, who guided and protected humanity from the threats and influences of dark forces, led by the spirit-deity Angra Mainyu. Ceremonies of the Inner circle, those that are performed within the inner sanctuary include the most important ceremonies of liturgical type: Yasna with its extensions, Visperad and Venddd. There is a concept of "the group of 7" in Zoroastrian tradition, called. The Muslim conquest of Persia has entailed not only a profound social-cultural outbreak but also led to major demographic changes. The Muslim conquest of Persia has entailed not only a profound social-cultural outbreak but also led to major demographic changes. Location:Shahpore Sayad, 113, Lokmanya Tilak Rd, Jahangir Pura, Sayedpura, Surat, Gujarat 395003, India, Construction/ Consecration date: December 5, 1823, Location: Sayedpura, Bhagol, Surat, India, Construction/ Consecration date: November 19, 1823, Location: Princess St, Dhobi Talao, Marine Lines, Mumbai, Construction/ Consecration date: November 17, 1830, Location: J. Shankarsheth Road, Dhobi Talao, Marine Lines, Mumbai, Construction/ Consecration date: October 17, 1897, Various prayers are recited by the Parsis during the 5 divisions of the day, which are called, . Nonetheless, one should bear in mind, that Herodotus statements can not be taken as an absolute truth owing to the following reasons, 2. These two cities together with Tehran, the capital city, are 3 major centers of the Zoroastrian population of Iran. It is best illustrated in the following dialog: Long before, during my first trip to Iran after being away for ten years, I had purchased a faravahar necklace that I have worn since then. Also, they assume that Zoroaster only reached the highest devotion to Ahura Mazda. The prophet Zoroaster (Zarathrustra in ancient Persian) is regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism, which is arguably the world's oldest monotheistic faith. Supposedly the route of departure passed through the southern regions of the Iranian Plateau, namely Makran (Balochistan) and Sistan. There's a consistent pattern, the more we "go back in time" the more abstract the deities are deemed. - It can not be localized in southwest Iran since this territory was the homeland of the Achaemenid sovereigns, whose native language was Old Persian. This classification, perhaps already existing in the Sasanian period, is based on the methods of enshrining and maintaining the fire. Holy Immortals). After collecting all the materials the priest enters the place of worship. TGDJ. Purification is performed by a high priest and all the fires are put together in a vessel. Zoroastrianism was the official religion of the Sassanid empire and the presence of fire temples is extensively documented through the archaeological data and literary works. can be interpreted as an expression of "Persian nationalism" and not adherence to Zoroastrianism in a strict sense. Those who are familiar with Middle Persian can note the difficulties in studying the script where each letter can represent two or even more sounds. The events of this journey are described in the "Story of Sanjan'' (Qess e-ye Sanjn, from the Arabo-Persian qess e "history, narration, tale") chronicle, written in 1599 by Bahman Kay Qobd Sanjna. According to Dnkard, Avesta was a subject of a special study during the reign of Khosrow I (531-579), and the above-mentioned 21 books were collected and put together during his reign. The most necessary and important scripture of the religion is Avesta which talks the writings of Zoroaster including ritual poems. Most of the Zoroastrians dont believe in reincarnation, however, sees life as a temporary state. These involve frnagn, Bj and Drn ceremonies. The Zoroastrian communities of Iran are quite small and the number of followers is estimated to be less than 20000. We are going to learn about it in the next section. The first step taken by the Parsis in the integration process into the Indian culture and realm was the adoption of the language. The work was continued in the reign of the Sasanian king, (ca. , who based on some linguistic similarities came forward with an idea that Avesta originated in northwestern Iran (Dialektologie der westiranischen Turfantexte, Le Monde Oriental 15, 1921). Founded by the prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran almost 3,500 years ago, for 1,000 of those years, it was the most powerful religion in the world. Location:Thakurdwar Road, Charni Rd, Mumbai. (Iran) Zoroastrianism became the state religion of various Persian empires, until the 7th Century CE. The Zoroastrian community in Iran has the longest history of survival and continuation of the tradition. 1. From birth to death, every aspect of life of a devout Parsi has been ritualized in a scrupulous way. Nhd). , was the first person to gather together all the religious texts scattered around the region. Zoroastrians believe that there is one universal, transcendent, all-good, and uncreated supreme creator deity, Ahura Mazda, or the "Wise Lord" ( Ahura meaning "Lord" and Mazda meaning "Wisdom" in Avestan ). In the section below we will try to answer the last three questions. Mark, published on 12 December 2019. He is said to have been an Iranian prophet who founded a religious movement that challenged the existing traditions of ancient Iranian religion, and inaugurated a movement that eventually became a staple religion in ancient Iran. Zarathushtra, also spelled Zarathustra, Greek Zoroaster, (born 2nd millennium bce, probably eastern Iran), Iranian religious reformer and prophet, traditionally regarded as the founder of Zoroastrianism. Required fields are marked *. The building. This was the main reason why scholars like J.Baldick prefered to use the term Mazdean and Mazdaism rather than Zoroastrianism(Mazdaism (Zoroastrianism),: The Worlds Religions, Routledge, 1988). I choose, the sacred creed of Zoroastrians. Tra il VI secolo a.C. e il X secolo d.C. fu la religione principale pi diffusa nelle regioni iraniche e . 09 Nov 2022. Zoroastrianism Founder Quotes & Sayings. However much of the Sasanian Avesta was lost and the only part completely preserved is Vidvdd. Zoroastrianism (10th - 5th century BCE) Av. Submitted by Joshua J. Besides, it contains crucial information about the chronology of the gradual movement of the Parsee groups from Diu island to the continent of India. Where do Zoroastrians worship? all the sages): Supplementary sections for the Yasna, with invocations. There is a great deal to be said about Zoroastrianism as a religious system since it has gone a long historical way and has changed its appearance time after time. You might be wondering: Why when talking about the religion we often refer to it as "Zoroastrianism", but the prophet himself is generally called "Zarathustra"? An. Zoroastrianism and World History. Zoroastrians of 19th-Century Yazd and Kerman," Encyclopdia Iranica, online edition, 2014, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-13-zoroastrians (accessed on 07 November 2014). Western scientific knowledge has played an essential role in forming the personality, whom we refer to as traditional Zrarthustra here. "Zoroastrianism." Zoroastrianism Definition by Joshua J. She noticed it and asked, rhetorically, Are you a Zoroastrian? A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Zoroastrianism was founded by the prophet zoroaster (or zarathustra) in ancient iran approximately 3500 years ago. (2014), Monotheism the Zoroastrian Way: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24, pp. Zoroastrian Fire Temples, shrines, and libraries were destroyed, and Zoroastrians were forced to convert to Islam, flee their homes, or continue the faith in secret. Each Amespand has a special month and is attributed to one of the natural elements. The followers of this religion mostly practice on active participation in Zoroasters concept of free will and reject the extreme forms of asceticism and monasticism. The contribution of Zoroastrianism to world history, culture, and philosophy could hardly be overestimated, suffice it to recall one of the most outstanding musicians of all times, Freddy Mercury, who was born and raised in Zoroastrian environment. Mark, Joshua J.. Wary of. The Faravahar is an ancient symbol of the Zoroastrian faith. Thus the Pahlavi script like Arabo-Persian, Aramaic, Hebrew, is a kind of impure abjad, and in order to read the text written in that script one has to rely basically on the semantic memory, in other words, the linguistic unit here, speaking in Saussures language, is a combination of a sound + image + the written shape of the word, which must be memorized. 123, No. It is a well-known fact that someone who was converted to another religion was referred to as anr (In Middle Pers. Founding of Zoroastrianism The earliest form of Zoroastrianism, known as Gathic Zarathustrianism, was founded during Zoroaster's lifetime, perhaps as early as 1500 BCE. During the recitation of Yasna 25, Raspi pours a few drops of parahm on barsom twigs. So who are the divinities cited in the passage? A few of these place-names are known from historical and religious documents (e.g. Vedic t, Old Persian arta (rt > sound change is regular in Avestan language) + Vahita "the best" superlative of the same root vohu. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/zoroastrianism/. fravai < *fra-vart- (to turn) Old Persian Fravarti, Middle Persian fravard/ fravahr, probably through metathesis (<*fravatr(i)), like the Middle Pers. Zoroastrianism. The meaning of the word ahura is 'lord' and mazda is 'wisdom'. The building was renovated in December 2021. There are approximately 50000-60000 Zoroastrians living in modern India. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Other names for Zoroastrianism are Mazdaism and Parsiism.. Zoroastrianism is a monotheistic religion. Starting from M.Haug, who was one of the first scholars to study the text of Gs, up to this point it has been generally agreed that the Gs were composed by Zarathustra himself and that he was the founder of the religion. -The Creator of life Ape zaora), which consists of two phases: (Av. "Sixteen great Nations" mentioned in Buddhist Nikayas and some Jainist sources). It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. Hrbedestn and Nrangestn: traditionally considered to be part of Huspram Nask. Hintze A. Those who have the ability as African men to bring a change in a community that so desperately needs it are concentrating only on their own . In Zoroastrianism, Anhit is considered to be Ahura Mazds daughter and is generally identified with the planet Venus. As K. Daruwalla rightly notes "Changes have taken different forms, but have generally followed a pattern of moving from strict adherence in the past to a slightly symbolic or lenient interpretation in the present'' (Evolution of the Zoroastrian Priestly Rituals in Iran, p.101). The Young Avestan period can be characterized by a strong polytheism since we encounter lots of gods and deities in the texts written in this language or dialect of Avestan. Explanation: Zoroastrianism is one of the world's oldest extant religions. The only thing we know about this period is that the Magi were a part of the Median tribe confederation (as stated by Herodotus 1.101). Popular deities such as Mithra or Anahita were no longer to be worshipped as immortal, all-powerful deities but could still be honored as representations of Ahura Mazda's benevolence. , probably from *apa.zaint (an etymology proposed by Albert de Jong). Sasanian Zoroastrianism / Zoroastrianism as registered in Middle Persian books, Despite some heresies and theological controversies the Sasanian period, was marked by religious uniformity and standardization of the Zoroastrian norms, so. If one followed the precepts of Ahura Mazda, one lived a fulfilling life; if not, one became tangled in deceit and experienced strife and confusion. Greek temenos, separated place. In ancient times, the modern country of Iran was known as Persia. < *zarat- desiring, longing, thus the name is interpreted as longing for camels (M. Mayrhofer). dn-dibrh) bypasses the difficulties mentioned above, since being an alphabetic script, each grapheme here represents one phoneme of the language. Zarathustra is believed to be the author of the Gths, 17 hymns that constitute linguistically the oldest part of Avesta. 3. Ahura Mazda, as Ultimate Goodness, would not let any of his creations suffer eternally and, in time, a messiah would come the Saoshyant (One Who Brings Benefit) who would bring the Frashokereti (End of Time) when all souls would be gathered to Ahura Mazda in a joyful reunion even if they were in the darkest hell and Angra Mainyu would be destroyed. Zoroastrianism was founded in Persia in the 6th century BCE by the priest Zarathustra, known to the Greeks as Zoroaster. That is the main reason they are sometimes called fire-worshippers. It can be noticed that the main difference between these two forms is the absence of -- in the Greek source, which was the main subject of the discussions among the scholars. The most widely known representation of the symbol and also the one that has been the main source of inspiration of modern versions of the Faravahar symbol is the relief in the ancient city of Persepolis. The elements required for the ceremony are enumerated in the chapters of the Yasna. Avesta's geographical horizon is primarily limited to Eastern Iran and today there is a consensus among orientalists that the Avestan texts have been the product of eastern Iranians. This assumption gives rise to many arguments as to whether the reconstruction based on the Greek source is acceptable or what kind of compound are we dealing with. By the Parthian rule, the temple-cult had already crossed the borders of Iran to spread as far as Asia Minor. Ape zaora), which consists of two phases: Preparation of Parahm (Av. During the Yasna ceremony, all the 72 chapters of the book of Yasna are recited. It was probably founded some time before the 6th century BCE in Persia ( Iran ). It appears to us that Zoroasters case is analogous to that of Pythagoras, who is now remembered as a mathematician and after whom the famous theorem is named. Some radically different and opposing views were expressed on Zarathustras figure. Isidore of Charax (I c. AD) a Greco-Roman geographer, who traveled to Parthia, writes: and the city of Asaac, in which Arsaces was first proclaimed king; and an everlasting fire is guarded there (Parthian stations, 11). < *fra-vart- (to turn) Old Persian Fravarti, Middle Persian fravard/ fravahr, probably through metathesis (<*fravatr(i)), like the Middle Pers. derives from Latin templum < PIE *tem- to cut, shape, c.f. Zoroastrianism: Definition, Beliefs and History. , the founder of the Sasanian dynasty. Zoroastrian communities in Iran and India are confronted with the problems of a diminishing number of members, conversions to other religions, intermarriages, etc. They did not have the numbers or political power at this time to do much more, but the Muslim Arabs, who invaded in the 7th century CE, certainly would. 1, 191-202, Saadi-nejad M. (2021) "Anahita: A History and Reception of the Iranian Water Goddess", London, Schmitt, Rdiger (2003), "Zoroaster, the name", Encyclopaedia Iranica, New York: Encyclopdia Iranica online, Skjrv P.O. Sanjan, Broach, Anklesvar, Kathiavar, Navsari and other regions. Reihe: Lehr- Und Handbcher). After the three days, the urvan was reunited with its fravashi and traveled to the Chinvat Bridge, the span over the abyss between the living and the dead, where they would encounter the two dogs who guard it. As per their belief, these Asha and Druj were the two factors that resulted in the cosmic conflict creating all mental, spiritual and material components in our life. an-e barzegarn, also a now extinct festival called, was held in Kashan area, which much resembled the. ) The origin of this religion found before Islam where people used to survive in isolated areas. It occurs when the Gregorian calendars 13th day of the month falls on a For you and me, the idea and concept of a relationship may be extremely different. September 30, 2022. How? The exodus of a group of Zoroastrians later to be known as Parsees (or Parsis) from Iran as a consequence of multiple oppressions and unbearable social conditions can be considered a good example. "Just as Iranian identity, national pride and ethos are reflected in the. Zoroastrianism survived among the Parsees of India (where refugees from the Muslim Invasion fled) and among the people of Iran who kept it alive and is still practiced around the world in the present day. Freedom of belief and tolerance of other faiths was central to the vision of Cyrus the Great and was maintained by his successors, by the Parthians, and was fully embraced by the Sassanians even though they made Zoroastrianism their state religion. Zoroastrianism flourished during three great Persian Empires. The first composite of the name, Ahura corresponds to the Vedic word, and means "lord", Mazd, which means "wisdom" is equivalent to. Needless to say that people convert to religion for a variety of reasons, but a fly in the ointment in the contemporary Zoroastrian revival by Kurds is that the movement is mostly nationalist and postmodern in nature. However, the communities vary greatly, from small rustic districts in Gujarat to some big and authoritative centers in Delhi. The center of the Zoroastrian orthodoxy is. 3000 - 323 BC, 2nd Edition, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. According to some Muslim historians (Tabari, Hamza Al-Isfahn, and others), numerous fire temples were built by. Thus to summarize we can say that early Zoroastrian fire worship was initially: The continuation of the custom of maintaining the hearth fire. Dear Classical Wisdom Reader, Understanding Zoroastrianism: What was its essential role in ancient history and its lasting legacy today? Havani ratu, lit. Suroosh would guide the soul to the angel Rashnu, righteous judge of the dead. uruuan). In this regard, Y. Yamamoto rightly notes: these plinths do not prove that Herodotus was wrong when he wrote about the Persian practice not to make and set up statues and temples and altars. Historical documentation of his life is fragmentary, and documents attributed to him have been dated hundreds of years apart. Allegorically speaking, in Zoroastrianism, the "One in essence, Three in Person" formula can be modified into "One in essence, Seven in Person" in the view of the fact that the act of creation was followed by the act of emanating 6 inferior deities, called, (Middle Pers. It's difficult to trace its origin because it has no founder and is a compilation of several belief systems. Zoroastrians believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents Gods light or wisdom. Choksy J.K. (2003), To Cut off, Purify, and Make Whole: Historiographical and Ecclesiastical Conceptions of Ritual Space: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. As it turned out 7.7 % of 50000 participants residing in Iran identified themselves as being Zoroastrian, which as reported by P. Tamimi Arab and A. Maleki can be interpreted as an expression of "Persian nationalism" and not adherence to Zoroastrianism in a strict sense. ' written by Diogenes Laertius (3rd century AD), in which it is stated. Wahram < Vererana. After collecting all the materials the priest enters the place of worship. It was found in ancient Persia, which is modern day Iran. Contributions: Zoroaster was an ancient Iranian prophet, philosopher and religious poet. Idem, Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London, 1979 (basically a summary history of Zoroastrianism from its beginnings to the present intended for the general reader, following the contours of her three-volume history). Zoroastrianism, the dominant pre-Islamic religious tradition of the Iranian peoples, was founded by the prophetic reformer Zoroaster in the 6th or 7th century BCE (if not earlier).The religion survived into the 20th century in isolated areas of Iran, and is also practiced in parts of India (particularly Bombay) by descendants of Iranian immigrants known as Parsis. Talking about Contemporary Zoroastrianism, the answer to this question will be affirmative, owing to the fact that Zoroastrians and their leaders play it safe positioning themselves as monotheists to avoid any discriminatory attitudes towards the community and keep themselves away from conflicts with the Islamic state. (Av. He is said to be created to be a herdsman (Yasna 29.6) and the one who denounced the bloody sacrifice (Yasna 32.14). Zoroaster. The story is greatly influenced by Christian tradition and shows universal patterns of the Prophetical stories''. Etymology: Xara "kingdom, rule"< PIE *tek c.f. The word can be translated as worthy of worship. 224-240) later to include an extended religious material under, (241-72). Kemetism religion | basics, beliefs, History and More.. Outside of Iran and India however, there are no obstacles for foreigners to convert to the religion and there is a large number of converts from Iranian exiles in the world, who choose the faith of their forefathers. The roots of this religion go back to prehistoric, of the second millennium when the Iranian people, also called, fellow tribesmen, and started continuously inhabiting the Iranian plateau. Zoroaster placed less emphasis on ritual worship, instead of focusing on the central ethics of Good Words, Good Thoughts, and Good Deeds. Interesting facts: One of the holiest prayers in Zoroastrianism, called am voh is dedicated to Aa. He lived sometime in the early Vedic period. Presumably, Zoroastrians in Kerman came from Khorasan region, as is shown in Kmdin pur's letter from 1559 AD that gives a list of Zoroastrians of Khorasan who were currently in Kerman and in the letter of Frdn, from a famous Marzbn family, who states that his pedigree stretches back to, . He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. 38, pp. While jailed, Zoroaster miraculously healed Vishtaspa's favorite horse, which had been suffering a paralysis, and the king had him freed and listened again to his message. The robustness of the text and the fact that it is the best preserved part of Avesta can be explained by its wide use and ritualistic significance.

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